![]() ![]() For example, a recent meta-regression of step-count monitoring interventions compared with usual care suggested that interventions that also included counselling or incentives were not better than simpler interventions without counselling or incentives. 9 10 16 19 20Ĭonsidering the positive impact of self-monitoring on PA levels, it would be worth questioning if the effect of various complex PA interventions is primarily caused by self-monitoring alone and if additional components further bolster the effects or have no effects. 17–19 A succession of systematic reviews has demonstrated that self-monitoring using different activity monitors leads to substantial PA increases which can be maintained long term. 15 Historically, intervention participants recorded their daily PA in diaries, 16 but self-monitoring with pedometers, fitness trackers and smartphone apps (collectively called activity monitors) has now become a cornerstone of PA interventions. Social cognitive theory states the importance of self-regulation as a source of behaviour change with self-monitoring one of the three core components. One of the most frequent components employed in complex PA interventions is self-monitoring, 8 10 a crucial element of health promotion and disease prevention. 11 Despite implementing alternative study designs such as factorial RCTs 12 and microrandomised trials, 13 the contribution of individual intervention components is still poorly understood. Consequently, these studies cannot determine which specific components actually contribute to the overall intervention effect and which components may have no effect or even a deleterious effect. 4–10 However, these complex interventions are typically assessed in parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing an intervention arm to a usual care control arm. 2 Such interventions are usually complex 3 and consist of multiple components (eg, counselling, incentives, text messages and activity monitors). Given the high prevalence of physical inactivity and its associated public health burden, 1 it is not surprising that researchers continue to explore which interventions can effectively and sustainably increase physical activity (PA). Correspondence to Dr Tomas Vetrovsky, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, 16252, Czech Republic.5 Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.4 Department of Demography, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.3 Population Health Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK.2 Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland.1 Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. ![]()
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